Brief Summary of Hog Farming in Iowa
Leana E. Stormont (2003)
Hog farming in Iowa is not what it used to be. Iowa has a long history of leading the nation in hog production. According to the Iowa Department of Agriculture, Iowa has a 26% of the nation’s total market share of hogs. In 2001, 26.3 million hogs were marketed in Iowa. Additionally, 27.4 million hogs were slaughtered in the state, a figure which that represents 27.9% of the nation’s processing market share.
Abundant supplies of cropland throughout the state have ensured a steady supply of corn and soybeans—the primary components of hog feed. Millions of acres of corn and soybeans are grown every year in Iowa, raised primarily to feed the millions of hogs that reside in the state. Despite the large number of hogs raised, slaughtered and sold in the state, there are fewer farms than ever before. The 1945 Census of Agriculture reported 169,776 farms in Iowa raising hogs. By 1997, that number was down to 17,243 farms.
While the number of farms raising hogs in Iowa has decreased dramatically in the last 50 years, the number of hogs raised in these facilities has risen steadily. Today, more than 80% of hogs raised for slaughter come from farms where more than 1,000 animals are housed.
While Iowa leads the nation both in raising and slaughtering hogs you can drive across the state and never see a single hog. The most likely place for hog sightings in Iowa is on Interstate 81 where you will see them crammed into transport carriers, their noses sniffing at the metal ventilation holes, for what will likely be their first and last breath of fresh air. These animals, having reached market weight in less than a year, will have spent their entire lives indoors, living on slatted concrete floors above pits containing their own filth, confined in long metal buildings. Their trip to the slaughterhouse will be the first and last time their feet feel the earth, their first experience of sunlight, and last breath of clean air.
Technological innovations in the agricultural sector have forever changed the way farmers raise hogs. During the last 30 years, Iowa has made the transition from small, sustainable family farms to intensive confinement operations. Intensive hog farming has raised numerous legal issues in Iowa, topics including zoning, nuisance, manure management and right to farm statutes. While some federal regulations affect farm animals, these laws are weak at best and apply under very limited circumstances. Hog confinement operations are primarily governed by state law in the areas of nuisance, zoning, cruelty to animals, environmental management and right to farm statutes.
The Industrial Revolution has made its mark on the heartland. Traditional family farms, characterized by sustainable agriculture, humane animal husbandry and land stewardship have been replaced by large-scale confinement facilities. These factories farms are characterized by high-density animal populations, restricted movement, with emphasis on economies of scale and maximization of profits for corporate farmers. The cost of these systems has been high for family farmers, rural communities, the environment and the hogs.
Biological Information, Terminology and Hog Production Phases
Leana E. Stormont (2003)
Pigs are omnivorous cloven-footed mammals, members of the family Suidae. Their bodies are characterized by long snouts, with heavy, sparsely bristled bodies, short legs and a small tail. In the United States, the term pig refers to young animals who have not yet reached market weight, while mature animals are referred to as swine or hogs.
It is believed that pigs were domesticated either in China or in the Middle East as early as 9,000 years ago and most domestic pigs are descended from the European wild boar. The species spread throughout the world traveling along wherever humans carried them. Columbus introduced pigs to the Americas on his second voyage in 1492 and more were shipped from England to colonists in Jamestown. Pigs are unique in that they are one of the only large mammal species that are found in some genetic variation all over the world.
Pigs have a reputation for being overweight, lazy and not particularly smart. Pigs are actually very intelligent creatures with a highly developed vocabulary of sounds and problem-solving abilities greater than a dog. Pigs are naturally very clean animals, preferring not to excrete near their living and eating areas, and only become overweight when overfed by their human caretakers. Pigs are often thought of as dirty animals because they wallow in mud. This behavior is due to the fact that pigs do not have sweat glands and thus are unable to sweat to regulate their body temperature. Wallowing in mud keeps pigs cool and protects their skin against sunburn and bug bites. Pigs are also great swimmers and will swim to cool themselves down.
Pigs are curious animals and when given the opportunity spend much of their time exploring, foraging, and rooting in the soil. The pig’s snout is a very sensitive organ, with tactile reception comparable to that of a human hand. This, coupled with the pig’s highly developed sense of smell, allows the pig to use its snout to explore its environment and to find food beneath the surface of the ground. A pig’s sense of smell and capacity to unearth items in the soil has led to their use in France to find truffles and have been used by police to help search for drugs.
Pigs are highly social animals, often living in small groups of three to five adult sows and their young. Pigs living together form close social bonds and work cooperatively. Social interactions among pigs also include bodily contact and resting pigs often lie in close proximity to one another.
Pigs also communicate vocally and demonstrate a wide range of audible communications. Vocalization is part of the mating ritual between male and female pigs and piglets become acquainted with and learn to identify their mother’s voice because she “sings” to them while nursing.
Approximately 24 hours prior to giving birth, a pregnant sow will leave the group, hollow out a hole in the ground and will build a nest out of soft natural material so that she may give birth in privacy. She will stay will her babies at the nest site for approximately one week and then will return to the social group. Piglets are weaned at approximately three months of age and will continue to live in the group with their mother and the other sows.
TERMINOLOGY & PRODUCTION PHASES
Barrow : a male hog that has been castrated prior to the onset of sexual maturation
Boar : an uncastrated male hog used for breeding purposes
Farrow : used to describe the process of giving birth to piglets.
Farrow-to-finish : hog operations where piglets are farrowed, weaned and fed until they reach slaughter weight, typically 225-250 pounds.
Farow-to-feeder : hog operations where pigs are farrowed and sold after they have reached a weight of 30-80 pounds.
Feeder-to-finish : hog operations where weaned pigs are purchased from a separate operation and fed until they reach market weight.
Feeder pig : a weaned pig that weighs between 30-80 pounds.
Finish : the act of feeding a pig until it reaches market weight.
Gilt : a young female who will be used for breeding purposed who has not yet farrowed her first litter.
Nursing pig : a piglet that has not been weaned.
Sow : an adult female used for breeding that has farrowed at least one litter.